Several conditions are related to problems with insulin use or production, including diabetes, hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia.
Diabetes comes in three forms, each with a different cause of high blood sugars. Hypoglycemia is low blood sugar. People with diabetes are especially susceptible, but it can happen in those without diabetes as well. Hypoglycemia is a potentially dangerous condition with symptoms including:.
More serious symptoms of hypoglycemia are:. Hypoglycemia is commonly a side effect of diabetes medications , especially those classified as sulfonylureas and meglitinides.
The risk of hypoglycemia while taking these medications increases if you:. Checking your blood sugar levels frequently and sticking to your diet and exercise regimen can help you avoid diabetes-related hypoglycemia. Other causes of hypoglycemia include:. Hyperglycemia is high blood sugar. The most common cause of hyperglycemia is diabetes, but it can also be caused by:.
Symptoms of hyperglycemia include:. In someone with type 1 diabetes, hyperglycemia can lead to a potentially fatal condition called ketoacidosis , in which toxic acids build up in the blood. Symptoms of ketoacidosis include:. Untreated, ongoing hyperglycemia can lead to a lot of problems, including:. Diabetes, hypoglycemia, and hyperglycemia are conditions related to how much insulin your body produces and how well your body uses it to control blood sugar.
Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia are common in diabetes, but people who do not have diabetes can develop either due to underlying conditions that affect insulin. The pancreas has two key roles: helping with digestion and producing the hormone insulin. Your body needs insulin to keep blood sugar from getting too high or too low. It also enables cells in your liver, muscles, and fat to take up sugars from foods you eat and use them for energy. If your body doesn't make the right amount of insulin or doesn't use insulin efficiently, you can develop health problems like diabetes, hyperglycemia, or hypoglycemia.
Left untreated, these conditions can be very dangerous. There is no cure for insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes, but it can be managed with supplemental insulin. For others, there are ways to help prevent problems with insulin that could lead to type 2 diabetes, like following a balanced, nutrient-rich diet, maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, and quitting cigarettes in you smoke them. Take your healthcare provider's advice to heart and never underestimate the impact that lifestyle changes can have.
We know healthy eating is key to help manage diabetes, but that doesn't make it easy. Our free nutrition guide is here to help.
Sign up and receive your free copy! Insulin resistance: Review of the underlying molecular mechanisms. J Cell Physiol. Chapter Insulin. Elsevier; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Insulin resistance and diabetes. Reviewed August Lipid metabolism and its implications for type 1 diabetes-associated cardiomyopathy.
Insulin Receptor The cellular receptor for insulin helps control the utilization of glucose by cells. Insulin receptor, with the extracellular portion at the top, intracellular portion at the bottom, and the cell membrane shown schematically in gray. Extracellular portion of the insulin receptor blue bound to insulin red. Image JSmol 1 The tyrosine kinase portion of the receptor is itself a dynamic protein with many moving parts. Several of the structures of the insulin-binding portion of the molecule, including entry 3loh, were determined by attaching antibodies to the receptor and crystallizing the complex.
When you visualize these structures, be sure to ignore the antibodies, since they are not involved with the biological function of the molecule.
There are many excellent online resources to learn about diabetes, such as the page at the World Health Organization and Diapedia. References 2mfr: Q. Li, Y. Kang Solution structure of the transmembrane domain of the insulin receptor in detergent micelles. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta , Hubbard The insulin receptor: both a prototypical and atypical receptor tyrosine kinase.
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 5:a, Menting, J. Whittaker, M. Margetts, L. Whittaker, G. Kong, B. Smith, C. Watson, L. Zakova, E.
Kletvikova, J. Jiracek, S. The most common disorders causing insulin resistance in dogs include severe obesity, use of diabetogenic drugs glucocorticoids , hyperadrenocorticism, diestrus, chronic pancreatitis, renal insufficiency, oral and urinary tract infections, hyperlipidemia, and antiinsulin antibodies in dogs receiving beef source insulin.
Obtaining a complete history and a thorough physical examination are the most important steps in identifying these concurrent disorders. Abnormalities identified on the physical examination may suggest a concurrent insulin-antagonistic disorder or infectious process, which will give the clinician direction in the diagnostic evaluation of the dog.
If the history and physical examination are unremarkable, a CBC, serum biochemical analysis, serum progesterone concentration intact female dog , abdominal ultrasound, and urinalysis with bacterial culture should be obtained to further screen for concurrent illness.
Additional tests will be dependent on results of the initial screening tests. Diagnostic tests to consider for the evaluation of insulin resistance in diabetic dogs and cats. By Role. What to do when your insulin therapy stops working: Insulin-resistant diabetes. April 1, Problems with insulin therapy Inactive insulin Improper insulin syringe Diluted insulin Improper administration technique Inadequate dose Somogyi response Inadequate frequency of insulin administration Impaired insulin absorption Anti-insulin antibody formation rare Caused by concurrent disorder Diabetogenic drugs Hyperadrenocorticism Diestrus intact female dogs Infection, especially of skin, oral cavity and urinary tract Chronic inflammation, especially pancreatitis and oral cavity Severe obesity Hyperlipidemia Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism cat Acromegaly cat Renal insufficiency Liver insufficiency Cardiac insufficiency Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency Neoplasia Glucagonoma Pheochromocytoma Many disorders can interfere with the effectiveness of insulin therapy.
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