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Portorder and inorder!!! Bloodbath in Gaza Does mass increase with velocity? This calculation is more complicated than the above. And, as Stefano has noted, the circular one won't deform and weaken.
The circular configuration takes so much less wall thickness for a given pressure that a nominal wall thickness can be applied that is conservative and serves to cover a relatively large range of pressures. Additionally, because of its natural shape, the circular one keeps its pressure-resistant shape regardless of the internal pressure. Check this out and you will find that this gives you a very safe range of pressures that any schedule of pipe gives you. This is a very valuable safety feature that is not offered by a plane wall - which requires an extremely thick wall for a given pressure.
This also applies to external pressures as well and is the reason that submarines nor diving bells are not designed nor built with rectangular hulls. Secondly, the circular configuration allows the manufacture of piping to be done automatically and in relatively large lengths - and even in welded seam pipe, this is done quickly and automatically. Seamless pipe is automatically extruded and is inherently more resistant to pressure than welded seam pipe due to the lack of having a seam subject to welding defects.
The subject of stability is very important when installing and using fluid piping in industry. Any other configuration besides circular is going to require bracing - whether internal or external.
This invokes a complicated need for installation and upkeep. A rectangular object will deform when subjected to external forces or stress and requires bracing - just like a normal rectangular house does. This, plus the exorbitant wall thickness required makes the use of such fluid transport objects as impractical.
The team plans to run experiments to check this result, but their finding that particles in a rectangular duct spread more symmetrically than those in a square one has left them "baffled," Camassa says. Another puzzle was that very skinny elliptical ducts had zero skewness, but similarly-elongated rectangular ducts had negative skewness. Knowing the skewness could be important in certain situations, McLaughlin says.
When delivering a drug through a tube, for example, one may want it to arrive like a sharp hammer negative skewness or have it gradually build up positive skewness. These asymmetries may also describe the experience of a bacterium as it swims toward the highest nutrient concentration.
This work confirms previous speculations on the importance of duct geometry, says Colm Caulfield from Cambridge University in the UK. He thinks the calculations could help optimize the inlets to chemical reaction systems where two or more reactants are mixed together. This research is published in Physical Review Letters. Short description of dispersion experiments from the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Droplets floating on vapor cushions can bounce off each other when they are composed of different liquids.
Read More ». A simple experimental setup allows researchers to pinpoint the conditions under which a migrating sand dune crosses over an obstacle or gets trapped against it. A model captures the influence of plant flexibility, leaves, and current on wave dissipation by a meadow of marsh plants.
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